![]() ![]() In a series of experimental and correlational studies, Dunham and colleagues ( Dunham, Dunham, Hushman, & Alexander, 1989 Dunham & Dunham, 1990) examined the relationship between contingent and noncontingent social interactions and subsequent attention to a novel stimulus in 3-month-old infants. The hypothesis is that an infant’s attempts to cope with an insecure attachment relationship require most of his or her attentional resources, leaving fewer resources for exploring and learning about new aspects of the environment (cf. Information-processing theory suggests an alternative explanation for how the quality of attachment in infancy might relate to cognitive development in early childhood. Keri Weed, in International Review of Research in Mental Retardation, 1992 D Attachment and Information Processing This search strategy is commonly used in computer simulations of problem solving and is consistent with the way that beginners solve problems. Means–ends analysis is a search strategy in which the problem solver works on one goal at time if that goal cannot be achieved directly, the problem solver sets a new goal of removing barriers, and so on. Once a problem is represented as a problem space, the problem solver's task is to search for a path from the initial state to the goal state. Similarly, other states are created by applying operators to these states, and so on. Two of the intervening states, directly after the initial state are 2 X = X + 5 and 2 X - X -5 = 0, which were created by applying legal operators such as add 5 to both sides or subtract X from both sides. For example, the problem space for solving the equation, 2 X -5 = X, has this equation as the initial state, and X = _ as the goal state. A problem space consists of a representation of the initial state, goal state, and all intervening states. Information-processing theories of problem solving focus on constructing a problem space and finding a path through the problem space ( Newell and Simon, 1972 Novick and Bassok, 2005). Mayer, in Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (Second Edition), 2012 Problem Space and Search Processes
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